SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 317 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1442, 1445, 1459, 1453, 1417, 1433, 1439, 
    1444, 1411, 1415, 1456, 1428, 1422, 
    1465, 1414, 1427, 1470, 1468, 1441, 
    1429, 1454, 1430, 1431, 1440, 1435, 
    1457, 1467, 1458, 1432, 1434, 1410, 
    1471, 1436, 1419, 1463, 1451, 1420, 
    1449, 1412, 1448, 1447, 1426, 1437, 
    1460, 1464, 1421, 1462, 1409, 1416, 
    1472, 1452, 1425, 1438, 1424, 1413, 
    1450, 1469, 1455, 1443, 1418, 1634, 
    1664, 1641, 1671, 1627, 1657, 1655, 
    1686, 1646, 1677, 1636, 1666, 1638, 
    1668, 1644, 1674, 1642, 1672, 2185, 
    1629
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00108

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "26.14"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "2.23"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 68,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "7.63",
              "eval_cost": "0.27",
              "prefix_cost": "7.91",
              "data_read_per_join": "9K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "cscartdevel.cscart_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 16,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "5.12",
            "index_condition": "(`cscartdevel`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (1442,1445,1459,1453,1417,1433,1439,1444,1411,1415,1456,1428,1422,1465,1414,1427,1470,1468,1441,1429,1454,1430,1431,1440,1435,1457,1467,1458,1432,1434,1410,1471,1436,1419,1463,1451,1420,1449,1412,1448,1447,1426,1437,1460,1464,1421,1462,1409,1416,1472,1452,1425,1438,1424,1413,1450,1469,1455,1443,1418,1634,1664,1641,1671,1627,1657,1655,1686,1646,1677,1636,1666,1638,1668,1644,1674,1642,1672,2185,1629))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "10.88",
              "eval_cost": "0.22",
              "prefix_cost": "23.14",
              "data_read_per_join": "35"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "cscartdevel.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.56",
              "eval_cost": "0.22",
              "prefix_cost": "23.92",
              "data_read_per_join": "35"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}