SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(295, 308, 313, 317, 383) 
  AND category_id != 264

Query time 0.00036

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "7.91"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "parent",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 68,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 37,
      "filtered": "55.88",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "4.11",
        "eval_cost": "3.80",
        "prefix_cost": "7.91",
        "data_read_per_join": "130K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "((`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (295,308,313,317,383)) and (`cscartdevel`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` <> 264))"
    }
  }
}